Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Essay Example

Man was brought into the world free and is wherever in chains Essay Example Man was brought into the world free and is wherever in chains Paper Man was brought into the world free and is wherever in chains Paper p. 29. 9 Ibid, p. 33. 10 Alexis de Tocqueville, The old Regime and the French unrest (New York: Double Day Anchor Books, 1955), p. 69. (unique distributed 1856, distributer obscure) 11 Cited in Carter, p. 41. 12 Cited in Andrew Heywood, Modern Political Ideologies (London: Macmillan Press, 1992), p. 127. 13 Richard Sylvan, Anarchism in Goodin, Robert, Philip Pettit (ed. ), An ally to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1993), pp. 215-242. 14 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (London: Macmillan Press, 1992). p. 193. 15 George Growder, Classical Anarchism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). p. 191. 16 April Carter, p. 169. 17 David Miller, Anarchism, (London: J. M. Gouge Sons Ltd, 1984), p. 171. 18 George Growder, Classical Anarchism, p. 192. 19 Ibid,. p. 193. 20 Norman, P. Barry, An introduction to present day political hypothesis, (London: Macmillan Press, 1981). p. 83. 21 John Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man (London: Duckworth, 1970), p. 189. 22 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies, p. 211. 23 Harold Barclay, People Without Government, p. 134. 24 David Morland, Anarchism, Human Nature and History, in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 8-21. p. 21. 25 Goaman, Karen Mo Dodson. , A Subversive Current? : Contempory Anarchism Considered in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 83-97. 26 Murray Bookchin, Anarchism, Marxism, and the Future of the Left (Edinburgh: A. K. Press, 1999). p. 154. 27 Andrew Heywood, p. 211. 28 David Miller, Anarchism, p. 183. Andrew Wallace/1592038/Dr. P. Bradshaw/Political Science/MAS2010.

The importance of researching topics and outlining

Data is viewed as a significant angle in the everyday dynamic whether by an individual or an establishment. All things considered, correspondence has a significant part to play in guaranteeing that data streams starting with one gathering then onto the next. In particular, the decision of the methods for correspondence is essential for any association (Caroline 8).Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on The significance of looking into themes and sketching out explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations in this manner put a solid significance on how data is being dispersed among the distinctive inward correspondence focuses inside the association. This paper talks about the significance of inquiring about themes and sketching out in planning composed and oral correspondence. Each correspondence focuses to convey data in the most exact way. The initial phase in guaranteeing magnificent correspondence is examining on the issue (Glase and Strauss 36). Distinguishing the difficult helps address the subject absent a lot of stray. It additionally gives rules on the framework of the introduction (Julia 3). Having a diagram helps in conveying in a successful way since the data is orchestrated in various areas, for example, presentation, body, and end. Most business issues as a rule involve doing a lot of research to guarantee that the point being tended to is given an all encompassing methodology (Caroline 7). Different choices, for example, to grow, move from specific markets or keep up the norm, or even the inside choices, for example, to enlist more workforce, save representatives, or to even to cut on costs require inquire about on their attainability. These choices are then introduced in a sorted out way having thought about all the applicable data. Research has been characterized as the demonstration of returning to a territory of enthusiasm with a point of making further revelations on the theme. Accordingly, it is signifi cant recorded as a hard copy process in a few different ways. It offers more data of the past looks into done, demonstrating the level of connection between's the past research and the ebb and flow one. It additionally helps in the creative cycle since it gives a record of what has been legitimately discovered by different specialists on the equivalent or a related theme (Julia 6). Doing research is in this way a basic demonstration that guarantees that the creative cycle isn't just finished yet in addition reasonable. Research constantly decided the nature of the completed work. It is from inquire about that the discoveries and surmisings are drawn. The last bit of the introduction is the most significant part of research since it offers the perspectives on the specialist just as the suggestions. It is significant additionally in light of the fact that it is gives the target group the materials from which the educated choices are made.Advertising Looking for evaluation on instructi on? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The last item is consequently the composed piece or the introduction. It ought to be noted with incredible exactness that the last introduction ought to be as precise as could reasonably be expected. This is on the grounds that it is the main legitimate source whereupon choices are made. While singular settle on clueless choices from their abstract personalities, inquire about as a rule offers legitimate sources whereupon reasonable and target choices are made (Glase and Strauss 48). This is essential to any person who is settling on a choice that influences more than one individual. In introducing a forthcoming bit of introduction, this procedure will be valuable in guaranteeing that the introduction is done in a sorted out way. The initial step is guaranteeing away from of past explores on the theme just as having the real factors before doing the introduction. At that point the introducti on ought to have an all around recorded avocation of the substance so utilized lastly a finish of the theme giving inductions and if essential, the proposals. Works Cited Caroline, Pearce. â€Å"Voice of the Researcher: Extending the Limits of What Counts as Research.† Journal of Research Practice 2 (2007): 7-10. Glase, B. G. furthermore, Strauss, A. L. The revelation of grounded hypothesis: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1967. Julia, Chaitin. â€Å"Rethinking Critically Reflective Research Practice: Beyond Popper’s Critical Rationalism.† Journal of Research Practice (2006): 3-6. This evaluation on The significance of examining themes and sketching out was composed and presented by client Tristen Porter to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Clarification On Last Post

Clarification On Last Post Hi folks a comment I received in response to the last entry: I happen to know that girl (bus driver) and it is unbelievable the amount of impact an essay can have. I just wanted to clarify my last post in case I confused anyone. I wasnt trying to give examples of things that got people accepted to MIT. Jennas essay on the bus driver was one of many things that made her application very strong. But a single element of ones application, no matter how strong, isnt enough to get one accepted. We deferred folks with brilliant essays and accepted folks with less-brilliant essays who were strong in other areas. I was really just trying to say that when I look at your names in these threads, I dont see scores or grades at all. Which is why its sad to see you comparing stats and trying to find the formula. I dont think oh, that girl got a 1600 on the SAT or that guy had perfect triple 800s on the SAT2s. I cant remember a single applicants numbers, to tell you the truth, and Id be hard-pressed to find a single admissions officer who could. Because you are not numbers to us, you are human beings. So when I see your names, I think of trains and bus drivers and photos of swings the things that make you people instead of folders. But in no way did I mean to imply heres what you need to do to get into MIT. Sorry if I confused anyone! -B

The Death Of Harriet s Punishment - 1126 Words

Not only did the books vary when it came to the theme of paternalism, but as we can see, the severity of punishments was not equal. Charles suffered greatly for crimes he wasn’t even involved in yet he still faced the brunt of the master’s and overseer’s wrath. The extent of Harriet’s punishment ranged from being slapped by Dr. Flint. There did not seem to be common ground between the three autobiographies. Partially due to the time it was written, Kate Drumgoold’s recollection never once details any forceful or unbearable punishment laid upon the young girl. There were times in Charles Ball’s autobiography where he was so badly injured from the flogging he received that he was unable to work which only increased the anger of his master†¦show more content†¦Being enslaved only caused these familiar ties to become more difficult if not impossible to maintain with the constant changing of hands within the plantations but Jacobs maintai ned her determination to win back her family. The same can be said for Charles Ball. Taken away from his wife and children, the man set his sights on one day reuniting with his family in the north. Family, much like the grasp on religion, allowed the slaves to form a sense of community within their unpleasant and horrifying circumstances. Charles took the opportunity to become a part of family while staying on a plantation and reaped the benefits of doing so. He, along with the husband, would work for their shares of food and were able to compile enough for everyone within the cabin. Rations were a bare minimum for those within the plantation and having the ability to work with fellow slaves to ensure a healthy amount of food was consumed to sustain became a priority. Kate Drumgoold’s family was separated but thankfully reunited outside of Brooklyn, New York. Coming from a large family, Kate longed to see her mother, her true mother, once more after learning she had been sold to keep the owner of a neighboring plantation from entering the Civil War. She shares many heartfelt sentiments about her family, friends, and everyone she comes in contact with. While her story does notShow MoreRelatedHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad1097 Words   |  5 Pageswas one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other.† (Background Essay) Harriet Tubman was born Araminta Ross in 1822 in Dorchester, Maryland. She was born a slave and would be, until she ran away in 1849. After she ran away she did many great deeds, but how do you define greatness. Based off the length of time, risk, and number of people helped, there is a clear outline for greatness. Harriet Tubman had many great achieveme nts throughout herRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave By Harriet Jacob Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesslaves were treated is because of three autobiographies, Incidents in the Life of a Slave by Harriet Jacob, Autobiography of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, who had a huge impact during the times of slavery, and Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Northup. Because of these three autobiographies historians can accurately explain how bad slavery was. A very helpful source of the time of slavery was Harriet Ann Jacobs. She is part of the reason on why people know so much about slavery. Her storiesRead MoreAlcoholism And Alcohol Addiction Has Become A National Crisis1417 Words   |  6 Pagespreventable deaths with approximately 1.1 million men over the age of 18 currently receiving treatment for an AUD. Globally, the burden of alcohol abuse reflected 3.3 million deaths from consumption in 2012 alone. (NIH 2016). This case study of about a 66 year old male named Robert, who presents with long term alcohol abuse. Robert is married to Colleen for the last 44 years during which time they had two daughters. Robert is also a grandfather, brother and friend. His oldest daughter Harriet soughtRead MoreDred Scott s Fight For Liberty1032 Words   |  5 Pagesof the most famous court cases ever. During the 1800’s many slaves were treated like animals and had absolutely no freedom. Both men and women were taken from their homeland and forced to do anything their master said. Many slaves were beaten mercilessly and were mentally and physically degraded by their â€Å"overseer†. Working as a slave meant working from sunrise to sundown daily. With Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gen in the 1790’s, the demand for slaves was higher than ever. Men wereRead MoreThe Slavery Of The White Folks Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesattempting to gain literacy were severe. â€Å"Lawd, you better not be caught wid a book in yor han ,† said Luisa Adams. â€Å"If you did, you were sold† (Library of Congress). Threats and punishments were common from owners, but despite this many slaves did achieve basically literacy. Some were lucky enough to be taught by their owners. Harriet Jacobs wrote that, â€Å"While I was with her, she taught me to re ad and spell; and for this privilege, which so rarely falls to the lot of a slave, I bless her memory (JacobsRead MoreThe Underground Railroad : The Secret System Of Escape During Slavery1107 Words   |  5 Pagesnorthern states, such as Canada (â€Å"Underground Railroad Where History†) . The Underground Railroad also had many prominent figures including Harriet Tubman, John Fairfield, and Levi Coffin (â€Å"People and Events†). The Underground Railroad is known as one of the most secret systems of escape during slavery. The history of the Underground Railroad began in the mid 1800’s and was aided by people involved in the Abolition movement. By the year 1862, thousands of people were involved in the dangerous processRead MoreEssay on The Underground Railroad1801 Words   |  8 Pagesobjection in violence. In order to make themselves heard, the Quakers put together speeches; they debated and even preached to people about antislavery. According to an article titled â€Å"Quakers in the Anti-Slavery Movement,† it was as early as the 1600’s that Quakers began their fight against slavery. These protests began the abolitionist movement against slavery. By 1696, the Quakers had made their first official declaration toward abolitionism in Pennsylvania. This declaration affirmed that this groupRead MoreWomen In The Civil War1674 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Stephanie McCurry, we know the Civil War as the â€Å"brutal four-year conflict waged between the USA (United States of A merica) and the CSA (Confederate States of America) that settled the question of secession and Union and defeated the South s bid for national independence†.1 After the four year Civil War, the Confederacy surrendered and the slavery was abolished everywhere in the nation. The American Civil War is very important to the American History. The Civil War was not only to freeRead MoreNarrative Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s Narrative1214 Words   |  5 PagesDouglass Being taken away from your home and family can be one of the hardest things anyone can go through. Having their identities completely taken away and begin to endure a long hard journey of survival were things blacks had to go through in the 1800’s. Narrative by Frederick Douglass is an 1845 memoir that perfectly shows the struggles of a young black man’s journey to survival after being forced into the life of slavery. Frederick Douglass describes the struggles blacks had to encounter in orderRead MoreEssay about Narrative on Frederick Douglass1322 Words   |  6 Pagesand Harriet Jacobs were just two of the many slaves who did this. Each of the slaves had different experiences with slavery, but they all had one thing in common: they tell of the abominable institution of slavery and how greatly it affected their lives. When Douglass was seven years old, he was sent to a new master and mistress, Hugh and Sophia Auld. Sophia was a very kind and affectionate woman, probably one of the nicest people Douglass had encountered in his early childhood life. Here?s what

Mary Tudor s The Queen Of The Throne - 2279 Words

Mary Tudor journeyed on a wild adventure throughout her life as she rose to the throne. Her life began on February 18th in 1516, when she was born to her parents King Henry and Catherine of Aragon at the Palace of Placentia, which is located in Greenwich, England. She was a marvelous blessing to her parents, and the events that happened when she was young greatly affected her life as she got older as well. The Mary Tudor Biography states, â€Å"She was the only child of King Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to survive through childhood. She was baptized as a Catholic shortly after her birth.† These details may seem minuscule to her life, but they are very crucial since they are the base of her future beliefs, like religion and values, and how her childhood plays out. These carried on with her throughout her life and greatly impacted the events that led up to Mary arising as queen. Mary became the queen of England through being the oldest living child of King Henry VIII, her profound benevolence towards the English, her ardent belief in turning England into a Catholic country, and because she was the rightful heir of the throne by blood when the people before she died. First off, Queen Mary 1 ascended to the throne by being the oldest child that was alive of King Henry VIII at one point. The first wife that King Henry VIII married was Catherine of Aragon. Unfortunately, â€Å"She had endured many miscarriages, one stillbirth and the death of an infant son who wasShow MoreRelatedQueen Mary Of A Bloody Mary Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. Lusk Parrish English 11 Accelerated 11 March 2016 Queen Bloody Mary Did you know that the legend of Bloody Mary is real and originated with Queen Mary I of England, the source of over 300 deaths? Over 400 years ago, Queen Mary Tudor ruled in England from 1553, until her death in 1558. Mary was a Catholic and so were her parents, but when her Mother and father got divorced, her father switched to a Protestant faith. When she became Queen she quickly reformed her Father religious laws so sheRead MoreA Royal Catfight: The Battle Between Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Mary Stuart1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe reign of Queen Elizabeth I was known as the Elizabethan Age. At this time, the Renaissance had spread to England. As a ruler, she was well educated, speaking about four different languages (Beck 963). However, it was not just her knowledge that made her into a popular monarch. Her personality helped her to become a successful politician as well. In a documentary about Queen Elizabeth I, it was stated, â€Å"She was vain, spiteful, arrogant. She was fr equently unjust, and she was often maddeninglyRead MoreMary Tudor s First And Only Child Between Her Mother And Father1140 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Mary Tudor Mary Tudor was born February 18, 1516 to Katherine of Aragon and King Henry Tudor VIII. She was the first and only child between her mother and father. In her early life, the people of England and the royal court adored Mary greatly. â€Å"She was by nature modest, affectionate, and kindly. Like all Tudor princesses she had been well educated, speaking Latin, French, and Spanish with facility, and she was in particular an accomplished musician.† (Thurston). Like her mother, Mary wasRead MoreEssay on Queen Elizabeth841 Words   |  4 PagesThe last queen of the Tudor dynasty, Queen Elizabeth I proved to be on of the most celebrated, and controversial leaders in English history. Raised in a neglectful home, and shadowed by her mothers reputation, Elizabeth did not have the royal treatment that her siblings received. From her birth, she was a disappointment, as a child she was intelligent, yet unnoticed, and the road to her 1558-1603 reign was troubled. Elizabeth was born on September 7, 1533. To the disappointment of King HenryRead MoreThe Elizabethan Er The Golden Age Of English History1527 Words   |  7 Pagesenemies ( Elizabethan Era.). Queen Elizabeth I was queen from 1558 until her death in 1603, marking the Elizabethan Era.   Her father was King Henry VIII, who ruled from 1509 until his death in 1547, and was succeeded by Elizabeth s siblings Edward and Mary. Her father’s reign was shaped by his separation from the Catholic Church, which sparked years of religious controversy in England. Queen Elizabeth s mother was Protestant, but Elizabeth’s predecessor and sister Mary was Catholic. Navigating theRead More Queen Elizabeth Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 Pages Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth, the first, proved to be a very good and loyal monarch to England. She brought about many changes, both good and bad. On September 7, 1533 a baby girl came into the world. Back then many parents would have been greatly disappointed to have had a baby girl, rather then a boy. However these parents were glad by the birth of their first child together. These proud parents were the king and queen of England, King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The girl child was namedRead MoreQueen Mary Stuart Of Scotland And Queen Elizabeth I Of England1015 Words   |  5 PagesEurope. Cousins, Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland and Queen Elizabeth I of England, formed an unpleasant relationship that ended with execution. The scandalous rivalry between Mary, Queen of Scots and Queen Elizabeth I had a profound effect on the politics of their time. Queen Elizabeth I was much more regal than her cousin, Mary Stuart of Scotland, and ruled her kingdom with poise and sophistication. When Elizabeth came into power, she had to rebuild the ruins that her half-sister, Mary I, had left ofRead MoreHenry Viii And The Succession1438 Words   |  6 Pageswere bastards, and therefore needed to make a formal will. By doing this, Henry VIII had the unusual opportunity to choose his successor(s). First in line would be his new son, then his â€Å"bastard† daughters who would be named legitimate heirs to the throne if needed. After them, Frances Grey would inherit the title. This left Lady Jane Grey fourth in line to the throne. In the succession acts, that Henry VIII also passed before Edward VI could declare his will, Henry made it very clear that if anotherRead MoreKing Henry Viii : The King Of The Throne1682 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral spouses). King Henry VIII s life and rule completely redefined English history and legacy, and he certainly will be remembered forever as one of the most important leaders of his time. Henry VIII was born on June 28, 1491 in Greenwich, London, England. The rules of a monarchy state that the King s eldest son is the heir to the throne, but this was not the case for Henry VIII. He had an older brother named Arthur, who was originally intended to take the throne. Arthur was born in 1495 as theRead MoreMonarchy Is The Oldest Form Of Government1657 Words   |  7 PagesMonarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. In a monarchy, the king or queen is Head of State (or Sovereign), but the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. Although the British Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation. The Monarch also has constitutional and representational duties which have developed over the past one thousand years. In addition to the State

Heb Is the Best Store Free Essays

H-E-B H-E-B is a popular grocery store in the community of Houston, TX. There are many aspects of H-E-B that appeal to the consumers in my area. Some good qualities of H-E-B are competitive pricing, friendly customer service, cleanliness, and a large variety of products. We will write a custom essay sample on Heb Is the Best Store or any similar topic only for you Order Now These positive qualities all come together to provide the consumer with an enjoyable shopping experience. H-E-B, which stands for Howard E. Butt, first began in as a small, family-owned store in 1905 in Kerrville, TX. Now H-E-B serves over 155 communities and has over 340 grocery stores throughout Texas and Mexico. H-E-B is one of the largest and most successful independently owned retailers nationwide. Their commitment to good service, low prices, and friendly shopping has benefited them well. You know when you shop at H-E-B, you will find great sales and fair pricing. They offer many in-store coupons and Buy One, Get One Free deals. They also offer a Meal Deal every week. In a Meal Deal, you buy an item and then get many items free! This week you get noodles, pasta sauce, and Italian soda for free when you buy frozen meatballs and shredded Parmesan cheese. Many people love to shop at H-E-B because they save a lot of money. When you shop at H-E-B, you can expect to receive friendly customer service. When you walk around the store, you get to try free samples of foods. They pay their employees well and always have enough people working. H-E-B is rarely understaffed. As a result, H-E-B manages to avoid having long lines a checkout. They also train their employees well, meaning they can provide knowledgeable assistance to their customers. Happy employees make happy customers. H-E-B keeps their stores very clean at all times. They offer antibacterial wipes at the entrance so you can wipe the shopping carts and remove the germs from previous customers. The bathrooms are always clean and smelling good. The merchandise is organized nicely and kept updated. Due to a high volume of shoppers, the products on the shelves are always fresh and not out-of-date. H-E-B offers a Freshness Guarantee for all of its products. This means that if you find an outdated product, you can bring it to the register and get the same item (not outdated) for free. H-E-B offers their customers a wide variety of foods and products. They have a bakery, a butcher, a pharmacy, a floral department, a healthy living department, a deli, and even a sushi chef! The produce department has conventional fruits and vegetables as well as organic and unusual types. They have a huge variety of cheeses, meats, bakery items, processed foods, and even ready-to-eat foods. A consumer can easily try something new every time they shop at H-E-B. You can drop by H-E-B and buy some sushi, some bananas, and even flowers for you mother! All these positive qualities about H-E-B come together to give the customer a pleasant and profitable shopping experience. These qualities are some of the reasons that H-E-B is the most popular grocery store in the community of Houston, TX. How to cite Heb Is the Best Store, Essay examples

Role of Media free essay sample

Abstract: The role of media in a democratic system has been widely debated. India has the largest democracy in the world and media has a powerful presence in the country. In recent times Indian media has been subject to a lot of criticism for the manner in which they have disregarded their obligation to social responsibility. Dangerous business practices in the field of media have affected the fabric of Indian democracy. Big industrial conglomerates in the business of media have threatened the existence of pluralistic viewpoints. Post liberalisation, transnational media organisations have spread their wings in the Indian market with their own global interests. This has happened at the cost of an Indian media which was initially thought to be an agent of ushering in social change through developmental programs directed at the non privileged and marginalised sections of the society. Though media has at times successfully played the role of a watchdog of the government functionaries and has also aided in participatory communication, a lot still needs to be done. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: media, social responsibility, democracy, Indian media, Indian democracy, public sphere Introduction Democracy in general terms is understood to be a form of government which is subject to popular sovereignty. It is essentially a rule by the people which is in contrast to monarchies or aristocracies. One of the crowing glories of the democratic system is the freedom of expression and the space that is provided to views from different sections of the society. A democratic system can run to its utmost potential when there is wide participation on the part the general mass which is not possible without people getting informed about various issues. Reliable 1 information resources are an important constituent of any democratic society (Habermas, 2006). This is where media steps in. Mass media in its different forms have influenced human life in the present century. They have primarily provided information and entertainment to people across countries. Print media, being the leader over a considerable period of time has now got competition from Television, which is reshaping many of the social responses. Radio apart from providing news and views has also developed a flair for entertainment, thereby getting a lot of acceptance. There is also the new media with internet being its flag bearer. Internet has indeed made it possible to disseminate information and ideas in real time across the globe. However, among all these developments there is a cause of concern. Is media really fulfilling its social responsibility? Is a booming global mass media posing threats to the democratic way of thinking? In it posing challenges to a country like India where media has a greater role to play rather than merely providing information and entertainment? Media and Social Responsibility: The Normative Argument The normative view of the press argues that the conduct of the media has to take into account public interests. The main public interest criterions that the media need to consider include freedom of publication, plurality in media ownership, diversity in information, culture and opinion, support for the democratic political system, support for public order and security of the state, universal reach, quality of information and culture disseminated to the public, respect for human rights and avoiding harm to individuals and the society (McQuil, 2005). The social responsibilities expected from media in the public sphere were deeply grounded with the acceptance of media as the fourth estate, a term coined by Edmund Burke in England. With the formation of the 1947 Commission on the Freedom of the Press the social responsibility of media became a strong debating point. It was formed in the wake of rampant commercialization and sensationalism in the American press and its dangerous trend towards monopolistic practices. The report of the Hutchins Commission, as it was called, was path breaking on its take on social responsibility and the expected journalistic standards on the part of the press. The theory of social responsibility which came out of this commission was backed by certain principles which included media ownership is a public trust and media has certain obligations to 2 society; news media should be fair, objective, relevant and truthful; there should be freedom of the press but there is also a need for self regulation; it should adhere to the professional code of conduct and ethics and government may have a role to play if under certain circumstances public interest is hampered (McQuil, 2005). Democracy, Media and the Public Sphere Informing the citizens about the developments in the society and helping them to make informed choices, media make democracy to function in its true spirit. It also keeps the elected representatives accountable to those who elected them by highlighting whether they have fulfilled their wishes for which they were elected and whether they have stuck to their oaths of office. Media to operate in an ideal democratic framework needs to be free from governmental and private control. It needs to have complete editorial independence to pursue public interests. There is also the necessity to create platforms for diverse mediums and credible voices for democracy to thrive (Parceiro, 1999). It has already been discussed that media has been regarded as the fourth estate in democracy. Democracy provides the space for alternative ideas to debate and arrive at conclusions for the betterment of society. The publicly agreed norms are weighed over that of actions on the part of economic organizations and political institutions (Barnett, 2004). This is close in essence to the concept of public sphere where rational public debate and discourse is given importance. Individuals can freely discuss issues of common concern (Tsekeris, 2008). Media plays one of the crucial roles behind the formation of public sphere (Panikkar, 2004). However, Barnett is of the opinion that in modern times the true sense of public sphere is getting eroded with the media of public debate getting transformed to mediums for expressing particular interests rather than general interests which are universally accepted. This signifies that public sphere which is essential for a vibrant democracy can actually be channelized to serve vested interests rather than public good. Media and Indian Democracy The political system in India is close in spirit to the model of liberal democracy. In the constitution of India the power of the legislature, executive and judiciary have been thoroughly demarcated. The party system in operation is a competitive one with flexibility of roles of 3 government and opposition. There is also freedom of the press, of criticism and of assembly (Pelinka 2003). Indian democracy has always attracted attention worldwide and has made scholars to ponder over the secret of its success amidst considerable odds. In India diversity is almost everywhere and it is not a developed nation. The problems of poverty and inequality in distribution of income have been constant irritants. Nevertheless, till today democracy has survived in the country. The role of media in India, the largest democracy of the world is different from merely disseminating information and entertainment. Educating the masses for their social upliftment needs to be in its ambit as well. In a country where there is large scale poverty, unemployment and underdevelopment media has a responsibility towards developmental journalism. It has a role to play behind formation of public opinion which can force the political parties to address the core issues haunting the countrys progress. However, public opinion can be manipulated by vested interests to serve their own goals (Corneo, 2005). Media can conceal facts and project doctored ideas to influence the electorate and thereby the voting outcome. Values like objectivity and truthfulness in presentation of news and ideas can be totally done away with. In India public service broadcasting was given much importance after independence. It was used as a weapon of social change. AIR (All India Radio) and Doordarshan, the public service broadcasters in the country had the responsibility of providing educational programs apart from information and entertainment. However, it needs to be taken note of that the public service broadcasting system in the country was closely identified with the state. A monopolistic media structure under state control has the threat of becoming the mouthpiece of the ruling elite. The scenario was bound to change with the opening up of Indian economy in a bid to integrate with the global system. It signalled the emergence of a competitive market in the field of media with public service broadcasters getting challenges from private entities. This, however, had the seeds of a new problem of ownership. Ownership pattern of media across the globe and in India is a cause for concern. There are big corporate houses who own newspapers and television networks. A higher concentration of ownership increases the risk of captured media (Corneo, 2005). Media independence in such a scenario gives way to safeguarding the interest of the owners who may not serve social responsibilities. The space for plurality of ideas is eroded sending ominous signals for democracy. Bogart (1995) opines that in many democratic countries media ownership has 4 reached dangerous levels of concentration. He has cited the examples of News Corporations (owned by Rupert Murdoch) 37 % share in United Kingdoms national newspaper circulation and Silvio Berlusconis ownership of top three commercial television channels, three pay TV channels and various newspapers and magazine in Italy which act as his political mouthpieces. Transnational powerful media organizations are in operation in India post liberalisation. These are big multinational corporations who own a chunk of the mass media market ranging from newspapers, television, radio, book publishing to music industry. Five of world’s largest media conglomerates include General Electric, Walt Disney, News Corporation, Time Warner, Viacom and CBS. In India there are big players like the Times Group and ABP who rule the roost in the media arena. In a bid to open up the Indian market 26% foreign direct investment has been allowed in news publication and 74% has been allowed in non news segments by the Government. 100% foreign direct investment is available in the film industry. 100% FDI is also allowed in television software production subject to certain government norms. Cable networks and FM Radio networks have FDI limits of 49% and 20% respectively (FICCI and PwC, 2006). Research undertaken by PricewaterhouseCoopers has shown the FDI investment trend across mass media in India. Virgin Media Asia has a holding in HT medias foray into FM radio. Financial Times (Pearson Group) has an arrangement with Business Standard; AmericorpVentures, Mauritius has a stake in Nimbus Communications which deal in television and films and Reuters UK has equity sharing with Times Global Broadcasting, the Indian entity. Therefore, across mass media options have opened up for availability of transnational homogeneous content. The growth of media conglomerates and their powerful presence has raised fears of manipulation of ideas by a powerful few detrimental to the democratic fabric. The corporate giants have also engaged in severe competition among themselves dishing out news and content which is primarily dominated by sensationalization, sleaze and glitz to capture wider markets. The disturbing trend that has emerged in the present media scenario is the use of media in the battle between rival political groups (Coronel, 2003). In fact, this new phenomenon is in operation in India with newspapers and news channels taking sides while presenting facts. The same event can be presented in two contrasting manners in two newspapers or two television channels. Coronel argues that promotion of hate speech in place of constructive debate and creating an atmosphere of suspicion rather than social trust has the danger of making people cynic about the democratic setup leading to its breakdown. 5 While discussing the dangers associated with the developments in media it needs to be said that media in India has also undertaken roles which have strengthened democracy. The media as a watchdog of the democratic system has unearthed its various shortcomings. Investigative reporting in print and television media has helped in exposing large scale corruptions which have robbed the nation. The Commonwealth Games Scam, the Adarsh Housing Society Scam, Cash for Vote Scam and the Bofors Scam are the highpoints of the Indian media. Across newspapers and television channels voices have been raised when the bureaucracy, judiciary or other public functionary have crossed the laxman rekha. There have also been initiatives to promote community media for the citizens to air their concerns. This is a significant leap towards alternative media usage which is distant from the dominant structure. Here the importance lies more in participatory communication right from the grassroots rather than communication which flows top down. Various television channels have also given the space for ordinary citizens to air their views in the form of citizen journalists thereby promoting democratic participation. Newspapers have educated the masses by informing them of the developments in the field of science and technology. They have also expressed strong views against prejudices which harm the society. Much developmental news has also been aired through the medium of radio. Its comparative low cost and wide acceptance among poorer sections have made it a potent tool for expressing ideas beneficial to the public. Internet, a relatively newer entrant in the field of mass media, has proved to be more democratic than newspaper and television (Coronel, 2003). Internet has provided the opportunity for citizens who are conversant with the medium to express their views about a number of issues. In many cases groups have been formed by likeminded people who discuss and debate over a number of decisions on the part of the government and seek new ideas for way ahead. The power of the internet can be easily judged from the developments in Egypt in recent times. Social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter were used to garner support against the regime of President Hosni Mubarak (Kuwait Times, 2010). Internet has been used by various public service organizations and N. G. Os to inform people about their objectives and also to make them aware of various initiatives on the part of the government as well as non government organisations for social upliftment. In internet the barrier to communication is minimal which helps in the formation of a participative environment. There is also greater empowerment of the users through higher level of interactivity and flexibility in choice of media outlets. The potential of 6 the medium lies in its ability to be more personalized by offering user-created content (Flew, 2009). Nevertheless, there is the threat of advertising revenues influencing media outputs. Those who control considerable wealth have the opportunity to sway public opinion in their favour with the help of mass media. In the 2G scam the Radia Tapes controversy brought in focus the journalist, politician and industrial conglomerate nexus (Jebaraj, 2010). Developments like these are a threat to democracy and undermine the media fraternity. Advertisements in newspapers, television, radio and at times the internet have become a part of the present election campaigns. Candidates with better funds have the edge over others in being voted to office because they can buy newspaper space and considerable air time (Coronel, 2003). Conclusion In Indian democracy media has a responsibility which is deeply associated with the socio economic conditions. The present scenario is not quite encouraging and certain areas need to be addressed. Media organisations, whether in print, audio visual, radio or web have to be more accountable to the general public. It should be monitored that professional integrity and ethical standards are not sacrificed for sensational practices. The freedom of press in the country is a blessing for the people. However, this blessing can go terribly wrong when manipulations set in. The self regulatory mechanism across media organisations need to be strong enough to stop anomalies whenever they occur. Agencies like Press Council of India need to be vigilant to stem the rot. Big media conglomerates are a serious threat. To counter this problem pluralistic media organisations which are financially viable need to be encouraged. Community participation is a goal that the media should strive for in a country like India. References